Explanation of Quantum Mechanics’s “Wave-Particle Duality”

Wave-particle duality (wave-particle duality) means that all particles or quanta can be described not only in particle terms, but also in wave terms. This means that the classic concepts of “particles” and “waves” have lost the ability to completely describe physical behavior in the quantum range. The former constitutes what we often call “matter”, and the typical example of the latter is light waves. The wave-particle duality solves this problem of “pure” particles and “pure” waves. It provides a theoretical framework so that any matter can sometimes exhibit particle properties and sometimes fluctuate properties.

Einstein described this phenomenon like this: “It seems that sometimes we must use one set of theories, sometimes we must use another set of theories to describe (the behavior of these particles), and sometimes we must use both. We encountered A new kind of difficulty, which forces us to use two contradictory viewpoints to describe reality. The two viewpoints alone cannot fully explain the phenomenon of light, but they can be combined together.” Wave-particle duality is One of the basic properties of microscopic particles. In 1905, Einstein proposed the light quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect, and people began to realize that light waves have the dual properties of waves and particles at the same time. In 1924, De Broglie put forward the “material wave” hypothesis, which believed that like light, all matter has wave-particle duality. According to this hypothesis, electrons will also have wave phenomena such as interference and diffraction. This was confirmed by later electron diffraction experiments. Thomas Young did the interference pattern obtained by the double slit experiment.

Explanation of Quantum Mechanics ‘s “Schrodinger’s Cat”

Schrödinger’s full name is Erwin Schrödinger. He is an Austrian physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He developed molecular biology. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Vienna. Professor of the University of Zurich, the University of Berlin and the University of Graz. Schrödinger’s cat experiment is to put a cat in an opaque box, and then connect the box to an experimental device that contains a radioactive nucleus and a container filled with toxic gas. It is assumed that the radioactive nucleus will have The possibility of decay, if it decays, it will trigger the experimental device, open the container with the poisonous gas, thereby killing the cat. According to quantum mechanics, when the nucleus is not observed, the nucleus is in a superposition of decayed and undecayed. However, if the box is opened after an hour, the experimenter can only see “decayed nuclei and dead cats” or “undecayed” “The nucleus and the live cat” two situations. What does this superposition form mean, that is, the nucleus is both decayed and undecayed… It is a superposition of two states, and only when someone observes it, it will be shown as decay. Or there is no decay. If no one cares about him, he will always be in a superposition state, which is terrible, because the cat will enter a dead and alive state with the superposition of the atomic nucleus.

When you observe this electron, there is obviously only one observation result at a time. This does not mean that it was only in this position before. Because at this time of observation, we must use a probe, such as a photon, to hit him. This photon also carries a certain amount of energy. Therefore, while observing, we have actually changed its properties.

This law is obviously difficult to understand. So when scientists first discovered the quantum world, they were also puzzled by its laws. Some scientists even refused to recognize the authenticity of certain laws, such as the famous scientists Planck and Einstein. So Schrödinger invented the metaphor of “a cat in both states of life and death” to explain this superimposed state (two different properties exist at the same time). Well, when the box is closed, it means that we haven’t observed it yet and we are in an undisturbed state. This is that he is both alive and dead (note that it is not possible to be alive or possibly dead). Our action of opening the box is to measure it, which is equivalent to intervening in his state from the outside world, and his state is changed, thus collapsing to a state, either alive or dead.

List of Hong Kong Government Fund Sponsor for SME

OVERSEAS MARKET PROMOTION 海外市場:

1.SME Export Marketing Fund 中小企業市場推廣基金 (EMF)

Official website: https://www.smefund.tid.gov.hk/tc_chi/emf/emf_scope.html

Previous approved SME Export Activities: https://www.smefund.tid.gov.hk/service/jsp/chi/emf_s/emf_activity.jsp

2.BUD Fund – Mainland Programme BUD / FTA Programme BUD 專項基金 – 「內地」計劃 / 自貿協定計劃

Official website: https://www.bud.hkpc.org/

TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION FOR ANY INDUSTRIES各類行業的科技應用:

3.Technology Voucher Programme (TVP) 科技券計劃 (TVP)

Official website: https://www.itf.gov.hk/tc/funding-programmes/facilitating-technology/tvp/

Approved TVP Searching 已核准科技券項目尋找: https://www.itf.gov.hk/tc/project-search/index.html

ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY TRAINING 先進科技培訓:

4. Reindustrialisation and Technology Training Programme (RTTP) 再工業化及科技培訓計劃

Official website: https://rttp.vtc.edu.hk/rttp/course/list?lang=tc

Total 4 funding sources for us.

Pycharm configuration error for odoo 14

Problem I got the following error when I configured odoo 14 under Pycharm

——

C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\odoo1Project\venv\Scripts\python.exe “C:/Program Files/Odoo 14.0.20210331/server/odoo-bin” –conf C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\odoo1Project\odoo.conf

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File “C:/Program Files/Odoo 14.0.20210331/server/odoo-bin”, line 5, in <module>

    import odoo

  File “C:\Program Files\Odoo 14.0.20210331\server\odoo\__init__.py”, line 75, in <module>

    import PyPDF2

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘PyPDF2’

Process finished with exit code 1

Solution:  Try to install those following and re-run, which should solve the problem

pip3 install werkzeug==0.16.0

pip3 install pypiwin32

pip3 install libsass==0.12.3

pip3 install Babel decorator docutils ebaysdk feedparser gevent greenlet html2text Jinja2 lxml Mako MarkupSafe mock num2words ofxparse passlib Pillow psutil psycogreen psycopg2 pydot pyparsing PyPDF2 pyserial python-dateutil python-openid pytz pyusb PyYAML qrcode reportlab requests six suds-jurko vatnumber vobject Werkzeug XlsxWriter xlwt xlrd

pip3 install PyPDF2

pip3 install polib

Result: I can successfully start odoo under Pycharm as below diagram

Price Comparison for Hosting Plan

According to the price comparison of hosting plan between hostgator.com and contabo.com , hostgator is cheaper, but it does not support script installation. Hence, it may a good choose to use contabo for manual application installation, such as install odoo. Moreover, as compare to AWS and Alicloud, these two will be more expensive than the contabo hosting plan.

IT人日記 – 英國國民(海外)護照(BNO)的五大稅項

1. 入息稅(Income Tax)
最高個人免稅額為12,500英鎊一年,若年度總入息比免稅額低,便毋須繳稅。年薪介乎12,501至50,000英鎊,需繳20%稅(基本稅率);此後50,001至150,000英鎊的收入,需徵收40%稅(高稅率);至於150,000英鎊以上的收入,則會被徵收45%稅(額外稅率)。

2.國家保險(National Insurance)
在英國找工作前必須申請國家保險,以供失業援助、退休等福利支出。只要年滿16歲或以上,年度入息超過8,632英鎊的僱員,或每年收入6,365英鎊以上的自僱人士,皆需要繳付此費用。首階段8,632至50,000英鎊的收入會被徵收12%費用,此後超出50,000英鎊的收入,則被徵2%費用。

3. 增值稅(Value Added Tax,VAT)
此為對英國境內商業交易所徵收的稅項,針對大多數商品和服務的標準稅率(Standard Rate)為20%;對家庭用電或者汽油等,會徵收低稅率(Reduced Rate)為5%;在少數情況下,如外帶食物及童裝等,則不用繳付此稅。在商家為貨品定價時,就已經將VAT包含在價格內。

4.市政稅(Council Tax)
英國物業每年都需向所屬地方政府繳交市政稅,用來支付公共服務及設施開銷,每年約1400至1800英鎊不等。如果到當地租賃房屋,這筆費用由物業合同簽署人,亦即租客支付,並非由業主承擔。不同地區會按情況提供不同的免稅額,例如租客全部為全日制學生,業主便可以向政府申請豁免繳交。

5.資產增值稅(Capital Gains Tax)
在英國買賣股票、物業等,都要就售出資產所獲的收益繳付資產增值稅。對於有投資英國物業的港人而言,假如要出售放租物業,便要繳交CGT,出售自住物業則毋需支付。

針對物業及其他個人資產的CGT免稅額分別為12,300及6,150英鎊。基本稅率納稅人出售出租住宅物業的CGT稅率是18% , 出售其他資產則為10%;高稅率納稅人出售住宅物業的CGT稅率是28% , 出售其他資產則為20%

值得留意的是,英國稅局採用「Pay As You Earn」(PAYE)系統,經僱主向員工收取個人所得稅和國民保險費,除非該公司所有的員工的周薪都少於120英鎊,並沒有從公司獲得任何福利,否則員工每月出糧已會被扣除一部分薪金,由僱主代繳上述兩項稅務。

英國政府官網設有稅收計算器,只要輸入收入狀況資料,就能大概估算出每年繳稅額:https://www.gov.uk/estimate-income-tax。

認識英國稅務身份概念

認識英國稅務身份概念

在考慮如何重組資產前,讀者首先要理解英國稅例的一些基本知識。在英國稅例上,「國藉」(Citizenship)、「居民」(Resident)和「定居」(Domicile)是3種完全不同的概念。在英國一年居住超過183日,即使是外國人,也會成為英國居民(UK Resident),在英國及海外的收入及資產增值都需要徵稅;反之,即使你持有英國國藉,但在該稅務年度在英國居住少於16日,或在海外全職工作而當年在英國居住少於91日,便自動被定義為非居民(Non-resident),只有在英國的收入及當地的物業資產增值需要徵稅。

「定居」(Domicile)的定義則比較廣泛,主要影響遺產稅(IHT)的涵蓋範圍。以BNO移民人士為例,如果已經切斷了和本身定居地(香港)的「個人連繫」(personal links),基本上在居住兩年後便會被定為以英國為定居地,在英國及海外所有的資產都會跌入遺產稅的稅網。現時英國的資產增值稅(CGT)為10%至28%,遺產稅為40%,個人所得稅(Income Tax)高達45%,預計10月後更會上調。移民的時機及事前資產如果處理不當,除了嚴重影響移民後的生活質素,更有機會為下一代帶來不必要的稅務負擔。

移民前須重整資產組合

資產處理方面,首先可考慮沽出已有資本增值的金融產品,包括股票、債券、基金等,以免在成為英國居民(Resident)後,需要繳付高達20%的CGT。

物業方面,由於英國和香港有簽定相關的雙邊稅務條約(DTA),增值和租金收入可獲部分豁免CGT和個人所得稅,但依然要面對遺產稅的問題。近年物業普遍都升值不少,如果持有一個以上,建議出售先行獲利。至於自住物業,可以在考慮清楚是否決定長久定居英國及不再返回香港後再作決定,畢竟現實往往和想像不同,移民後的生活未必人人都能適應,為自己準備一個後備方案都未嘗不可。如果保留自住物業,由於土地物業普遍受所有地的法律約束,建議獨立準備一份處理該業權承傳的遺囑,以減少遺產受益人在跨境處理承辦時所需的程序及時間。

強積金方面,同樣包括在DTA內,可獲豁免英國徵稅,提取時機不受移民影響。最後在保險方面,沒有現金價值的保險如意外、家居及入息保險等可以先取消,人壽及危疾保險由於理賠上和地域性沒有太大關係,可以繼續保留;至於有現金價值的人壽保險、年金、儲蓄保險等,如果提取時為英國居民,便需為增值部分繳交個人所得稅,解約與否需考慮保單現時的情況和未來的預期回報。最後是醫療保險,理賠和居住地關係較大,如果受保範圍函蓋英國當地,便建議盡量保留,因為年齡及已有病歷可能令在當地重新投保困難及支付更高或額外的保費。值得一提的是,如果改變定居地,保險公司有機會拒保、增加保費或減少保障金額/範圍,移民前宜先向保險公司核保查詢。

把握時間合法規劃稅務

資產完成初步整理後,便可以進一步考慮如何通過不同的理財工具進行稅務規劃。首先是遺產稅的問題,現時英國的個人遺產免稅額(Nil Rate Band)為32.5萬英鎊,自住物業留給子女可以多獲額外17.5英鎊免稅額(Residence Nil Rate Band),以上的部分便要按40%徵稅。如果在生前以Lifetime Gift的方式轉贈給子女,在英國稅例上稱為Potentially Exempt Transfers(PETs),這些資產的確可以避開遺產稅,但需要在離世前7年進行,否則依然會按比例被徵稅。

有些人會在移民前先行將資產交給子女,看似也是合法避稅,但兩種做法其實都只是將遺產稅的責任轉交給下一代,根本並沒有解決問題。其實,在英國稅例上,有一個稱為Excluded Property的概念,就是如果持有人在處理資產時(Settlement)並沒有「定居」身份(Non-Domicile),英國以外的資產都不會被納入遺產稅的稅網,即使之後成為Domicile身份,這些資產都可以永久免稅。最常見的做法是通過在英國以外成立離岸信託(常被稱為Excluded Property Trust),在移民前的「黃金時間」,先行將資產轉到信託名下,自己成為信託受益人,如果配合Portfolio Bond的運用,更可以控制信託費用低至每月數百港元,合法延遲甚至減低增值稅和個人所得稅,同時逐步提取資金運用。

在考慮如何重組資產前,讀者首先要理解英國稅例的一些基本知識。在英國稅例上,「國藉」(Citizenship)、「居民」(Resident)和「定居」(Domicile)是3種完全不同的概念。在英國一年居住超過183日,即使是外國人,也會成為英國居民(UK Resident),在英國及海外的收入及資產增值都需要徵稅;反之,即使你持有英國國藉,但在該稅務年度在英國居住少於16日,或在海外全職工作而當年在英國居住少於91日,便自動被定義為非居民(Non-resident),只有在英國的收入及當地的物業資產增值需要徵稅。

「定居」(Domicile)的定義則比較廣泛,主要影響遺產稅(IHT)的涵蓋範圍。以BNO移民人士為例,如果已經切斷了和本身定居地(香港)的「個人連繫」(personal links),基本上在居住兩年後便會被定為以英國為定居地,在英國及海外所有的資產都會跌入遺產稅的稅網。現時英國的資產增值稅(CGT)為10%至28%,遺產稅為40%,個人所得稅(Income Tax)高達45%,預計10月後更會上調。移民的時機及事前資產如果處理不當,除了嚴重影響移民後的生活質素,更有機會為下一代帶來不必要的稅務負擔。

移民前須重整資產組合

資產處理方面,首先可考慮沽出已有資本增值的金融產品,包括股票、債券、基金等,以免在成為英國居民(Resident)後,需要繳付高達20%的CGT。

物業方面,由於英國和香港有簽定相關的雙邊稅務條約(DTA),增值和租金收入可獲部分豁免CGT和個人所得稅,但依然要面對遺產稅的問題。近年物業普遍都升值不少,如果持有一個以上,建議出售先行獲利。至於自住物業,可以在考慮清楚是否決定長久定居英國及不再返回香港後再作決定,畢竟現實往往和想像不同,移民後的生活未必人人都能適應,為自己準備一個後備方案都未嘗不可。如果保留自住物業,由於土地物業普遍受所有地的法律約束,建議獨立準備一份處理該業權承傳的遺囑,以減少遺產受益人在跨境處理承辦時所需的程序及時間。

強積金方面,同樣包括在DTA內,可獲豁免英國徵稅,提取時機不受移民影響。最後在保險方面,沒有現金價值的保險如意外、家居及入息保險等可以先取消,人壽及危疾保險由於理賠上和地域性沒有太大關係,可以繼續保留;至於有現金價值的人壽保險、年金、儲蓄保險等,如果提取時為英國居民,便需為增值部分繳交個人所得稅,解約與否需考慮保單現時的情況和未來的預期回報。最後是醫療保險,理賠和居住地關係較大,如果受保範圍函蓋英國當地,便建議盡量保留,因為年齡及已有病歷可能令在當地重新投保困難及支付更高或額外的保費。值得一提的是,如果改變定居地,保險公司有機會拒保、增加保費或減少保障金額/範圍,移民前宜先向保險公司核保查詢。

把握時間合法規劃稅務

資產完成初步整理後,便可以進一步考慮如何通過不同的理財工具進行稅務規劃。首先是遺產稅的問題,現時英國的個人遺產免稅額(Nil Rate Band)為32.5萬英鎊,自住物業留給子女可以多獲額外17.5英鎊免稅額(Residence Nil Rate Band),以上的部分便要按40%徵稅。如果在生前以Lifetime Gift的方式轉贈給子女,在英國稅例上稱為Potentially Exempt Transfers(PETs),這些資產的確可以避開遺產稅,但需要在離世前7年進行,否則依然會按比例被徵稅。

有些人會在移民前先行將資產交給子女,看似也是合法避稅,但兩種做法其實都只是將遺產稅的責任轉交給下一代,根本並沒有解決問題。其實,在英國稅例上,有一個稱為Excluded Property的概念,就是如果持有人在處理資產時(Settlement)並沒有「定居」身份(Non-Domicile),英國以外的資產都不會被納入遺產稅的稅網,即使之後成為Domicile身份,這些資產都可以永久免稅。最常見的做法是通過在英國以外成立離岸信託(常被稱為Excluded Property Trust),在移民前的「黃金時間」,先行將資產轉到信託名下,自己成為信託受益人,如果配合Portfolio Bond的運用,更可以控制信託費用低至每月數百港元,合法延遲甚至減低增值稅和個人所得稅,同時逐步提取資金運用。

Source: https://www2.hkej.com/wm/article/id/2552354#:~:text=%E7%8F%BE%E6%99%82%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E5%A2%9E%E5%80%BC,%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%85%E5%8B%99%E8%B2%A0%E6%93%94%E3%80%82

https://travel.ulifestyle.com.hk/news/detail/32657/bno-5-1%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A5%E8%8B%B1%E7%B1%8D%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%8831%E6%97%A5%E7%94%9F%E6%95%88-5%E5%B9%B4%E7%B0%BD%E8%AD%89%E5%8F%AA%E9%9C%80-250%E8%8B%B1%E9%8E%8A-%E6%9C%AA%E7%BA%8C%E6%9C%9F%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B/1

https://inews.hket.com/article/2687418/%E3%80%90%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%A8%85%E5%8B%99%E6%87%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89%E3%80%91%E8%B6%81BNO%E5%B9%B3%E6%AC%8A%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%80%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A8%85%E9%A0%85%E4%BD%A0%E8%A6%81%E7%9F%A5

IT人日記 – 為美國而悲哀

Can Life be a Compromise ? 生活可以妥協嗎 ?

Can Press Media still be believable ? 如今媒體仍然可以相信嗎 ?

Hong Kong’s freedom and the rule of law have been violently deprived by the China Government. China’s lies and fraud have already very well-known in the world. It is surprise that the next victim will be the United States. The voting and falsehood in the U.S. presidential election were so obvious that the China Government’s penetration is really at stake. Hope that the United States can overcome the China Government. God Bless US!

香港的自由和法治被中共暴力剝奪,謊話和做假已是世界知名,想不到下一個受害會是美國, 美國總統大選的投票種票和做假真令人目定口呆,所以中共的滲透真是利害,希望美國好運,可以戰勝中共吧!

Course Note Summary of Business Continuity and Team Building Training

Steps of Crisis Management:

  • Taking immediate action
  • Planning communication
  • Assembling a team
  • Making a public response
  • Resolving the situation
  • Declaring an end to crisis
  • Applying lessons learned

Team Building

  • Team “Collaboration” is more than “Cooperation” which share idea and have a common goal.
  • Avoid entrenched silos (poor sharing resource)
  • Important characteristics of good collaborator:
  1. Be team focused, not silo focused
  2. Be generous
  3. Be curious
  4. Earn and maintain trust of the team
  5. Offer your network of experts
  6. Be diplomatic
  7. Being a good team member
  8. Show genuine commitment
  9. Don’t stay in the shadows
  10. Be transparent
  11. Be ready to help
  12. Be a problem solver
  13. Recognize when you are wrong

Remote (Virtual) Team:

  • Asynchronous communicate – Phone, Video Conf, IM
  • Asynchronous communicate – email, share folder, dashboard

How to be a good leader:

  • Don’t give up and be positive because setbacks are inevitable (挫折是不可避免的)
  • Be Perseverance with Resilience(毅力 ,彈性)
  • exemplify aspect of self trust (體現自我信任的方面)